BPCG 175
PSYCHOLOGY FOR LIVING
IGNOU BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment July 2024 & Jan 2025
Assignment One
Q 1. Explain self-concept in terms of its characteristics and differentiate it from self-esteem.
Ans. The concept of the self is central to understanding human behavior, thought, and emotion.
Among the many terms used to describe how individuals perceive themselves, “self-concept” and “self-esteem” are often discussed.
While they may sound similar and are certainly interconnected, they represent different psychological dimensions.
Understanding what self-concept means, its key characteristics, and how it differs from self-esteem is essential for anyone studying psychology, education, or even self-development.
Self-concept refers to the overall idea or perception an individual holds about themselves.
It is the image a person has of who they are, including their traits, roles, beliefs, values, and identity across various domains of life.
In simpler words, self-concept is the mental picture we paint of ourselves, which may include our name, gender, nationality, likes, dislikes, abilities, and even how we think others perceive us. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
It develops over time through interactions with others and personal experiences. The formation of self-concept begins in early childhood and becomes more complex and organized as we grow older.
It acts like a mental mirror, reflecting our sense of being and influencing how we act and interpret situations in everyday life.
One of the primary characteristics of self-concept is that it is multi-dimensional.
This means it includes various aspects of an individual’s life such as academic self-concept, social self-concept, physical self-concept, emotional self-concept, and more.
For example, a person might think highly of themselves in terms of their intellectual abilities but may feel less confident in social situations.
These different aspects can coexist and may even contradict each other, showing how self-concept is not always uniform or consistent.
Another essential feature of self-concept is that it is subjective, meaning it is based on personal interpretation and belief rather than objective truth.
Two individuals with similar talents or achievements may see themselves very differently. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
For instance, one student may view themselves as smart and capable, while another, despite performing similarly, may still believe they are not good enough.
This subjectivity is influenced by past experiences, feedback from others (especially in childhood), culture, and social environment.
Over time, repeated messages from parents, teachers, peers, and society get internalized and help shape one’s self-image.
Self-concept is also relatively stable, but not entirely fixed. It tends to provide a consistent sense of identity, yet it can evolve with new life experiences, changes in roles, or major life events.
For instance, someone who considered themselves shy in school might discover a confident side in college or work settings.
Similarly, a career change, personal achievement, or failure may cause shifts in how a person views themselves. In this way, while self-concept provides a foundation for identity, it is also flexible enough to grow and adapt.
Self-concept is also crucial in guiding behavior. The way we see ourselves has a strong influence on how we act.
For example, a person who sees themselves as a leader is more likely to take initiative in group settings. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
In contrast, someone who perceives themselves as uncreative may avoid artistic or innovative tasks, regardless of their actual ability.
Our actions are often aligned with our self-concept, sometimes reinforcing it further.
This feedback loop helps maintain internal consistency and influences life choices such as career paths, relationships, hobbies, and values.
In contrast to self-concept, self-esteem refers to the emotional evaluation of oneself — in other words, how much value or worth a person assigns to themselves.
While self-concept answers the question “Who am I?”, self-esteem responds to “How do I feel about who I am?” It involves judgments about self-worth and plays a critical role in emotional well-being.
Self-esteem is not only about knowing one’s qualities but also about accepting and appreciating them.
It reflects whether a person feels proud, confident, and satisfied with themselves, or if they feel inadequate, unworthy, or inferior.
To differentiate self-concept from self-esteem, it’s helpful to consider a practical example. Imagine a student who says, “I am good at math” — this reflects self-concept because it’s a belief about their ability in a specific area.
However, if the same student says, “I feel proud of my math skills,” or “I feel like I am a smart person because of my math performance,” this reveals self-esteem.
So, self-concept is more cognitive (what you think about yourself), whereas self-esteem is more affective (how you feel about those thoughts).
Another key difference lies in their formation and influence. Self-concept is formed largely through cognitive processes, including categorization and comparison with others. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
It’s shaped through experiences, feedback, and social roles. Meanwhile, self-esteem is more sensitive to emotional experiences, such as being praised or criticized.
A person might be fully aware of their capabilities (positive self-concept) but still feel they are not good enough (low self-esteem), especially if they were raised in an environment where their efforts were undervalued or constantly judged.
In terms of function, self-concept provides a framework for organizing thoughts, setting goals, and understanding one’s role in society.
It’s foundational in personal identity. Self-esteem, on the other hand, serves as a motivational force.
People with high self-esteem are more likely to take on challenges, cope with failure, and seek out positive experiences.
Low self-esteem, conversely, can lead to withdrawal, anxiety, depression, or lack of motivation.
Thus, while both are internal self-perceptions, their impact and roles in psychological functioning are distinct.
Both self-concept and self-esteem are essential for a well-rounded sense of self, and they are interlinked. A healthy self-concept often contributes to positive self-esteem, and vice versa.
However, a discrepancy between the two can lead to internal conflict.
For example, someone may acknowledge they are talented (positive self-concept) but feel they don’t deserve recognition (low self-esteem). Addressing this gap is often a key goal in counseling and personal development.
Q 2. Describe the components, types and theories of motivation.
Ans. Motivation is a fundamental concept in psychology that drives all forms of human behavior. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
Whether it is waking up early for work, studying for an exam, pursuing a personal goal, or even doing something for pure enjoyment—motivation lies at the core of our actions.
It gives direction, intensity, and persistence to our behavior.
In simpler terms, motivation answers the question: “Why do we do what we do?” Understanding motivation becomes essential not only in psychology but also in education, workplace management, sports, and even personal life.
To explore this concept in depth, we must examine its components, types, and theories, which help in explaining how motivation arises, what sustains it, and how it can be influenced.
The basic components of motivation include three key elements: activation, persistence, and intensity. Activation refers to the initial decision or spark that prompts a person to act.
It’s the moment one decides to pursue a goal, like choosing to join a gym or start studying a new subject.
Persistence is the continued effort put forth to achieve that goal, despite obstacles or difficulties.
For example, someone who continues exercising regularly, even when they feel tired or demotivated, is showing persistence.
Finally, intensity refers to the amount of concentration, energy, or effort put into achieving a goal.
Two people might be preparing for the same exam, but one may study with higher intensity and focus. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
These components help us understand that motivation is not just about starting something—it’s also about continuing with effort and purpose.
Moving on to the types of motivation, they are generally categorized into two broad categories: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to doing something for its own sake, because it is enjoyable, satisfying, or interesting.
A student who learns a subject out of pure curiosity or someone who paints because they love expressing themselves are good examples. This type of motivation comes from within and is often more long-lasting and fulfilling.
On the other hand, extrinsic motivation involves doing something to earn a reward or avoid punishment. For example, working to get a salary, studying to avoid failing an exam, or participating in a competition to win a prize are all driven by extrinsic motives.
While extrinsic motivation can be effective in the short term, it may not always lead to deep satisfaction or lasting behavioral change.
That said, both types of motivation are important and often work together. For instance, someone might begin exercising to lose weight (extrinsic), but later find that they enjoy it and feel good (intrinsic), thereby sustaining the habit over time.
The study of motivation has led to the development of various theories, each offering a different perspective on what drives human behavior.
One of the earliest and most influential theories is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, proposed by Abraham Maslow.
This theory organizes human needs into five levels: physiological needs (food, water, shelter), safety needs (security and stability), love and belongingness (relationships), esteem needs (recognition and self-respect), and self-actualization (achieving one’s full potential).
Maslow argued that people are motivated to fulfill their basic needs before moving on to higher-level needs. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
According to this theory, someone who is struggling to find food or shelter is unlikely to be concerned about creativity or personal growth.
Although Maslow’s theory has been criticized for its rigid hierarchy, it remains widely used in psychology, education, and business to understand and motivate individuals.
Another important theory is the Drive Reduction Theory, introduced by Clark Hull. This theory suggests that motivation arises from biological needs that create an internal tension or “drive” which individuals are compelled to reduce.
For example, hunger creates discomfort, which motivates a person to eat and restore balance.
Once the need is satisfied, the drive is reduced. Although this theory works well in explaining basic physiological motives, it is less effective in explaining behaviors driven by curiosity or achievement, which don’t arise from biological needs.
The Incentive Theory of motivation takes a different approach by focusing on external stimuli. It suggests that people are motivated by the desire to gain rewards or avoid punishments.
This theory highlights the role of environment in shaping behavior. For instance, an employee might work harder if they know they’ll receive a bonus.
Unlike Drive Reduction Theory, which emphasizes internal needs, Incentive Theory emphasizes the “pull” of external factors.
The Arousal Theory proposes that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal—not too high, not too low.
When arousal levels drop too low, people seek stimulation (e.g., playing a game, talking to friends), and when they are overly aroused or stressed, they seek ways to relax.
This theory helps explain why people engage in thrill-seeking activities like skydiving or bungee jumping—because they seek higher arousal levels. Similarly, someone might choose a quiet walk to calm down when feeling anxious.
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is another modern and influential theory that emphasizes the importance of internal motivation.
According to this theory, people have three basic psychological needs: autonomy (the need to control their actions), competence (the need to feel skilled and effective), and relatedness (the need to feel connected to others).
When these needs are met, people are naturally motivated, perform better, and feel more satisfied. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
This theory highlights the importance of creating environments—whether in schools, workplaces, or homes—that support these psychological needs.
Another significant model is the Expectancy Theory, developed by Victor Vroom. This theory suggests that motivation is based on the expected outcome of a behavior.
It involves three key components: expectancy (belief that effort will lead to performance), instrumentality (belief that performance will lead to a reward), and valence (value placed on the reward).
For example, a student may be motivated to study hard if they believe that studying (effort) will lead to good grades (performance), which in turn will help them get into a good college (reward). If any of these links is weak, motivation may suffer.
Assignment Two
Q 3. Explain mind-body relationship in terms of psychosomatic and somato-psychological factors.
Ans. The connection between the mind and body has long fascinated thinkers, scientists, and medical professionals.
Traditionally, the mind and body were seen as two separate entities, but modern psychology and medicine now recognize that they are deeply interconnected.
The mind-body relationship refers to the dynamic interaction between our mental processes—such as thoughts, emotions, and beliefs—and our physical health.
This relationship is evident in how stress can cause headaches or how physical illness can lead to feelings of sadness or anxiety.
Two important concepts that help in understanding this link are psychosomatic factors and somato-psychological factors, both of which highlight different directions in which the mind and body influence each other.
Psychosomatic factors refer to the way the mind, especially our emotions and psychological states, can impact the body and contribute to physical symptoms or diseases. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
In simple terms, “psycho” means mind, and “somatic” means body. For instance, prolonged stress, anxiety, or unresolved emotional conflicts can lead to physical conditions such as ulcers, high blood pressure, chronic pain, or skin disorders.
These conditions are not “imagined” but are very real and often diagnosed medically. The root cause, however, may lie in the mind.
A classic example is stress-related headaches or chest pain that occurs during periods of emotional tension.
Similarly, individuals dealing with long-term grief or depression may experience a weakened immune system, making them more vulnerable to illnesses.
In such cases, the body becomes a mirror of the emotional turmoil within the person’s mind.
Medical science now acknowledges that a person’s mental and emotional well-being plays a significant role in the onset, progression, and even recovery from physical illness.
On the other hand, somato-psychological factors represent the opposite direction of this relationship—how physical conditions or illnesses affect a person’s psychological state.
The term “somato” again refers to the body, while “psychological” pertains to the mind.
For example, someone suffering from chronic pain, a hormonal disorder, or a serious illness like cancer may develop anxiety, depression, or mood swings as a result of their condition.
This shows how continuous physical discomfort or disability can impact mental health. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
A person who is bedridden for weeks due to an accident may not only suffer physically but may also begin to feel hopeless or emotionally distressed due to their limited mobility and loss of independence.
Similarly, hormonal imbalances such as those seen in thyroid disorders can lead to mood changes, fatigue, or irritability.
These somato-psychological responses are not a matter of personal weakness but are genuine outcomes of physical disruptions in the body that affect mental well-being.
Understanding both psychosomatic and somato-psychological factors allows healthcare providers and psychologists to treat individuals more holistically.
It emphasizes that neither the mind nor the body functions in isolation. An integrated approach that treats both emotional and physical aspects of a person often leads to better health outcomes.
In therapy and modern medicine, techniques such as stress management, mindfulness, and counseling are increasingly used alongside medication or physical treatment to ensure both mind and body are healed.
Q 4. Explain cognitive rigidity and describe the techniques to overcome it.
Ans. Cognitive rigidity refers to the mental tendency of a person to stick to familiar ways of thinking, behaving, or problem-solving, even when those methods are no longer effective or appropriate.
It’s the opposite of mental flexibility, which allows individuals to adapt their thinking in response to new information or changing situations.
People who display cognitive rigidity often struggle to see things from different perspectives, resist change, and may become frustrated or anxious when routines are disrupted. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
This form of rigid thinking can be seen in both everyday life and clinical conditions.
For instance, someone with cognitive rigidity might insist on doing tasks “their way” even when a better method is suggested, or they might find it hard to understand viewpoints that differ from their own.
While everyone can show rigid thinking at times, it becomes problematic when it starts interfering with decision-making, relationships, learning, or mental well-being.
Cognitive rigidity is often linked to psychological conditions such as anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), autism spectrum disorder, and even depression. However, it’s not limited to clinical diagnoses.
In normal life, people can also become cognitively rigid due to fear of failure, discomfort with uncertainty, over-reliance on routine, or cultural and educational influences.
It limits creative thinking, problem-solving ability, and emotional growth because the person becomes mentally “stuck” in familiar thought patterns, unable to see alternative solutions or accept new ideas.
This kind of rigidity can create conflicts in personal relationships or at work, as the individual may come across as stubborn, inflexible, or narrow-minded.
Fortunately, cognitive rigidity can be overcome through conscious effort, practice, and the use of certain psychological techniques.
One effective method is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals identify and challenge irrational or rigid thought patterns.
Through CBT, people learn to question the beliefs they hold tightly and to replace them with more flexible, balanced ways of thinking.
This often involves self-reflection and guided questioning like: “Is there another way to see this situation?” or “What evidence supports this belief, and what evidence goes against it?” BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
Another helpful technique is mindfulness and meditation, which trains the mind to stay present and observe thoughts without judgment.
When people practice mindfulness, they become more aware of their automatic thinking patterns, including rigidity, and learn to detach from them.
This awareness creates space for new thoughts and ideas to emerge. Journaling can also be used alongside mindfulness to track recurring thoughts and uncover areas where one may be rigid without realizing it.
Exposure to new experiences is another practical way to reduce cognitive rigidity. This could be as simple as traveling, trying a new hobby, meeting different people, or reading diverse perspectives.
When the brain is exposed to new stimuli, it learns to adapt and become more flexible. Even small changes in daily routine, like taking a new route to work or switching tasks, can encourage mental flexibility.
Problem-solving exercises and creative thinking tasks—like puzzles, role-playing scenarios, or brainstorming—can also help.
These activities push the brain to think beyond its usual patterns and develop alternative strategies. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
Q 5. Discuss the types of eating disorders and their treatment.
Ans. Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions that involve persistent disturbances in eating behaviors, thoughts, and emotions related to food, body image, and weight.
These disorders can affect anyone—regardless of age, gender, or background—and often have both physical and psychological consequences.
Although they are commonly misunderstood as just about food, eating disorders are complex and deeply rooted in emotional struggles, control issues, self-worth, and often, societal pressure.
The most commonly recognized types of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), among others.
Each type presents its own set of challenges, but early diagnosis and proper treatment can significantly improve outcomes.
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by extreme restriction of food intake, intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image. People with anorexia often see themselves as overweight even when they are dangerously underweight.
They may engage in obsessive calorie counting, excessive exercise, or rituals around eating. Anorexia can lead to severe physical complications like organ failure, low heart rate, and brittle bones. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
Treatment usually involves a combination of nutritional rehabilitation, psychotherapy, and medical monitoring.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is often used to help the individual develop healthier thoughts about food and body image.
Family-based therapy (FBT) is also effective, especially in adolescents, where the family is actively involved in the recovery process.
Bulimia nervosa involves episodes of binge eating—consuming large amounts of food in a short time—followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting, excessive exercise, or misuse of laxatives to avoid weight gain.
Unlike anorexia, people with bulimia may maintain a normal weight, which often makes the disorder harder to detect. The emotional toll of bulimia is intense, with feelings of shame, guilt, and loss of control.
Treatment focuses on breaking the binge-purge cycle, often through CBT, nutritional education, and medication, such as antidepressants that can help manage underlying anxiety or depression.
Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder and involves recurrent episodes of binge eating without any purging behaviors.
Individuals may eat rapidly, even when not hungry, and feel a deep sense of guilt or distress afterward. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
Unlike bulimia, there is no attempt to “undo” the eating, which often leads to weight gain and associated health risks like diabetes or heart disease.
Treatment for BED includes therapy, such as CBT or interpersonal therapy, along with nutritional counseling and sometimes medication, like appetite regulators or antidepressants.
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is typically seen in children but can occur in adults too.
It involves avoiding certain foods due to sensory issues or fear of choking or vomiting, not because of body image concerns. People with ARFID may suffer from nutritional deficiencies or poor growth.
Treatment involves exposure therapy, nutritional support, and sometimes occupational therapy to address texture sensitivity.
In all eating disorders, early intervention is key. A multidisciplinary approach, involving mental health professionals, dietitians, and medical doctors, is the most effective. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
Recovery is often a long journey, with ups and downs, but with the right support, healing is absolutely possible.
Compassion, patience, and understanding from family and peers also play a crucial role in helping individuals regain a healthy relationship with food and with themselves.
Assignment Three
Q 6. Self-efficacy
Ans. Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in their ability to successfully perform a task or handle a situation.
It is not about the actual skill or talent one possesses, but the confidence in one’s capacity to use those skills effectively when needed.
This concept was introduced by psychologist Albert Bandura, who emphasized that people with high self-efficacy are more likely to take on challenges, persevere through difficulties, and recover from setbacks.
For example, a student who believes they can improve in math, even if they struggle, is more likely to keep trying and eventually succeed.
On the other hand, someone with low self-efficacy might give up early, assuming they are not “good enough.” Self-efficacy plays a crucial role in shaping motivation, decision-making, and emotional well-being. It is influenced by experiences, social encouragement, and observing others succeed.
Building self-efficacy involves setting small, achievable goals, celebrating progress, and learning from both success and failure.
In everyday life, whether it’s learning a new skill, facing a fear, or navigating a tough situation, self-efficacy acts as an internal guide, reminding us that with effort and belief, growth is possible. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
It empowers people to turn “I can’t” into “I’ll try”—and eventually into “I did it.”
Q 7. Functional fixedness
Ans. Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person’s ability to use objects in ways other than their traditional or intended use.
In simple terms, it means being mentally “stuck” on how an object typically functions, which prevents us from thinking creatively or solving problems in innovative ways.
For example, if someone is looking for a hammer to drive a nail into the wall but doesn’t realize they could use the back of a shoe or a heavy book instead, they are experiencing functional fixedness.
This kind of thinking can block problem-solving and often occurs when people are under pressure or relying too heavily on past experiences.
The concept is widely studied in psychology and was first introduced in experiments by Karl Duncker, who demonstrated it using the famous “candle problem.”
In this task, participants had to attach a candle to a wall using a box of thumbtacks and matches. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
Many people failed to see that the box holding the tacks could itself be used as a candle holder, because they were fixated on its usual function as a container.
Overcoming functional fixedness involves training the mind to see possibilities beyond the obvious.
Approaches like creative thinking exercises, brainstorming, or simply stepping away from a problem and returning with a fresh perspective can help.
It’s especially important in fields like innovation, education, and everyday life, where flexible thinking leads to better solutions. By breaking free from rigid thinking, we open ourselves to new ideas and more effective ways of doing things.
Q 8. Internet gaming disorder
Ans. Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is a behavioral condition where an individual becomes excessively involved in online games to the extent that it negatively affects their personal, social, academic, or professional life.
It goes beyond just enjoying games—this disorder involves a loss of control over gaming habits, where the person feels compelled to play, even when it causes harm to their relationships, health, or responsibilities.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized gaming disorder as a mental health condition, highlighting the seriousness of the issue, especially among adolescents and young adults. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
People with IGD often spend many hours in front of screens, skipping meals, sacrificing sleep, and withdrawing from family or social activities.
They may experience mood swings, anxiety, or depression when they can’t play or are forced to stop. The gaming becomes more than entertainment—it becomes an escape from real-life stress or emotional issues.
Signs of IGD include obsession with gaming, unsuccessful attempts to reduce playing time, loss of interest in other activities, and continued gaming despite negative consequences.
Treatment of Internet Gaming Disorder typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals understand their behavior, build self-control, and develop healthier coping mechanisms.
Family support, setting clear boundaries, and encouraging alternative hobbies are also key to recovery.
Just like other behavioral addictions, IGD requires patience, understanding, and consistent effort to overcome.
Raising awareness and promoting balanced technology use are essential in preventing this growing concern in today’s digital age.
Q 9. The pancha kosha model of personality
Ans. The Pancha Kosha model of personality is a holistic concept from ancient Indian philosophy, particularly the Taittiriya Upanishad.
It describes human existence as made up of five layers or “koshas,” meaning sheaths, which cover the true self (Atman).
These koshas represent different dimensions of our being—physical, energetic, mental, intellectual, and spiritual—and together they form a complete picture of personality. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
The outermost layer is the Annamaya Kosha, the physical body, which includes all bodily functions and is sustained by food and physical activity.
Next is the Pranamaya Kosha, the energy body, responsible for life force or prana, including breathing and internal circulation.
The third layer is the Manomaya Kosha, which governs the mind and emotions. It involves thoughts, feelings, desires, and mental impressions.
This kosha plays a major role in shaping behavior and personality. The Vijnanamaya Kosha is the fourth sheath, representing intellect and wisdom.
It deals with discrimination, judgment, and deeper understanding—essential for making conscious choices.
Lastly, the Anandamaya Kosha is the innermost layer, connected with bliss, peace, and spiritual experience. It is said to be the closest to the pure self or consciousness.
This model offers a comprehensive view of human personality, emphasizing balance between all layers. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
Unlike Western theories that often focus on behavior or thought alone, the Pancha Kosha approach sees personal growth as an integration of body, mind, energy, intellect, and soul.
Practices like yoga, meditation, and self-inquiry help harmonize these layers for overall well-being.
Q 10. Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory
Ans. Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory emphasizes the fundamental role of social interaction and culture in the development of a child’s thinking and learning processes.
Developed by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, the theory argues that cognitive development is not just an individual or biological process but is deeply influenced by the environment, especially through interactions with more knowledgeable others—such as parents, teachers, peers, or mentors.
According to Vygotsky, learning begins on a social level and gradually becomes internalized by the individual.
One of the key concepts in his theory is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which refers to the gap between what a child can do alone and what they can do with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner.
Vygotsky believed that learning happens best within this zone, where the child is challenged but supported. BPCG 175 Free Solved Assignment 2024
Scaffolding, a related idea, refers to the support given during this learning process, which is gradually removed as the child becomes more competent.
Vygotsky also highlighted the importance of language as a powerful tool in cognitive development. He saw inner speech as a way for children to plan, guide, and control their behavior and thoughts.
Unlike Piaget, who emphasized stages of individual development, Vygotsky focused on how culture, language, and interaction shape the mind.
IGNOU BPCG 174 Free Solved Assignment 2024
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