BEGG 173
ACADEMIC WRITING AND COMPOSITION
IGNOU BEGG 173 Free Solved Assignment 2024
BEGG 173 Free Solved Assignment July 2024 & Jan 2025
SECTION A
Q 1. What are the three essential components of critical thinking?
Ans. Critical thinking is a valuable skill that allows individuals to evaluate information logically, make reasoned decisions, and solve problems effectively.
At its core, critical thinking relies on three essential components: analysis, evaluation, and inference.
Each of these elements plays a vital role in the thinking process and helps individuals to form well-reasoned conclusions rather than accepting ideas at face value.
The first component, analysis, involves breaking down information into smaller parts to understand its structure and meaning.
It requires the thinker to examine ideas, identify arguments, recognize assumptions, and understand how different pieces of information relate to one another.
For instance, when reading a news article, a critical thinker would analyze the writer’s claims, sources, and underlying intentions rather than simply accepting the information as true.
The second key component is evaluation, which involves judging the credibility and relevance of information.
This means assessing whether the evidence presented is strong, whether the reasoning is valid, and whether the arguments are free from bias or logical fallacies.
Evaluation helps the thinker to decide which information is trustworthy and which should be questioned or rejected.
For example, while researching a topic, a student may find several articles online but must evaluate which ones are reliable and objective.
The third component, inference, refers to drawing logical conclusions based on the available evidence. It requires interpreting the facts, making educated guesses, and predicting outcomes.
A good inference is always supported by reason and avoids jumping to conclusions.
For example, if a friend seems unusually quiet and withdrawn, one might infer that something is bothering them, but a critical thinker would also consider other explanations before assuming the reason.
Together, these three components—analysis, evaluation, and inference—form the foundation of critical thinking, enabling individuals to think independently, question deeply, and make sound decisions in both academic and everyday life.
Q 2. The editing and revising stage is an important stage in the writing process. What are the parameters to be kept in mind while editing?
Ans. The editing and revising stage is a crucial part of the writing process because it helps refine and improve the overall quality of the text.
While drafting allows ideas to flow freely, editing brings structure, clarity, and correctness to the piece.
There are several important parameters a writer should keep in mind during the editing stage to ensure that the final piece is polished and effective.
First and foremost, grammar and punctuation must be checked carefully. Even strong content can lose its impact if it is full of grammatical errors, run-on sentences, or misplaced punctuation marks.
Proper sentence structure, verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and correct use of commas, periods, and quotation marks are essential to maintain clarity and professionalism in writing.
Another important parameter is spelling and word choice. Spelling mistakes can distract the reader and lower the credibility of the writing. Additionally, using the right words to express ideas is crucial.
A word that sounds similar but means something entirely different can change the meaning of a sentence.
Writers should also avoid repetition and aim for variety in vocabulary to keep the reader engaged.
Clarity and coherence are also vital. Sentences and paragraphs should flow logically from one to the next.
Writers should check whether their points are clearly expressed and whether each paragraph supports the main idea of the piece.
If something feels confusing or vague, it should be revised for better understanding.
Lastly, writers should pay attention to tone and consistency.
The tone should suit the purpose of the writing—formal for academic or professional work, and more relaxed for personal or creative pieces.
The style should remain consistent throughout, including tense, point of view, and formatting.
Q 3. What is an ‘argument’ in academic writing? How is an ‘argument’ generally structured?
Ans. In academic writing, an argument is a logical and reasoned presentation of a viewpoint or claim that the writer puts forward on a particular topic, supported by evidence and analysis.
It is not merely a personal opinion or belief but a carefully constructed position that is developed through research, critical thinking, and structured reasoning.
The purpose of an argument in academic writing is to persuade the reader to consider, accept, or at least understand the writer’s perspective on an issue.
An academic argument is generally structured in a clear and organized manner, following a standard pattern.
It typically begins with an introduction, where the writer presents the topic and states the main argument or thesis statement.
This thesis clearly expresses the writer’s central point or position on the subject and sets the direction for the entire piece.
Following the introduction comes the body of the text, which is made up of several paragraphs. Each paragraph usually presents a single supporting point for the main argument.
These points are backed by evidence, such as facts, examples, statistics, expert opinions, or references from academic sources. Writers also use reasoning and analysis to explain how the evidence supports their point and connects to the overall argument.
It is also common to include a counter-argument—an opposing viewpoint—to show awareness of other perspectives.
The writer then responds to the counter-argument, refuting it or explaining why their original position remains stronger. This adds depth and balance to the discussion.
Q 4. What is plagiarism? How can you avoid plagiarism in academic writing?
Ans. Plagiarism is the act of using someone else’s work, ideas, or words without giving proper credit, and presenting them as your own.
In academic writing, this is considered a serious ethical offense because it violates principles of honesty, originality, and respect for intellectual property.
Plagiarism can take many forms—copying and pasting text from a source, paraphrasing too closely to the original without acknowledgment, or even using someone else’s data, images, or research findings without permission or citation.
Whether done intentionally or unintentionally, plagiarism undermines the integrity of academic work and can lead to severe consequences, such as loss of credibility, failing grades, or disciplinary action.
To avoid plagiarism in academic writing, the most important step is to always give proper credit to the original sources. This means including citations and references whenever you quote, paraphrase, or use someone else’s ideas.
Different academic disciplines follow different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, and writers must use the one appropriate for their field.
Even when paraphrasing—rewriting the idea in your own words—it is still necessary to cite the source to acknowledge where the idea came from.
Another way to prevent plagiarism is by developing your own understanding and voice in your writing.
Instead of copying what others have said, try to analyze, reflect, and express the ideas in your own unique way.
Taking notes in your own words while researching and keeping track of sources also helps reduce the risk of accidentally copying phrases.
Q 5. Briefly describe the structure of a business proposal.
Ans. A business proposal is a formal document that outlines a product, service, or solution being offered to a potential client or organization, with the aim of persuading them to accept or invest in the idea.
The structure of a business proposal is typically clear, logical, and goal-oriented.
Though formats can vary slightly depending on the industry or purpose, a standard business proposal generally includes the following key components:
Title Page: This includes the proposal title, the name of the business or individual submitting the proposal, the client’s name, and the date.
Executive Summary: A brief overview that highlights the purpose of the proposal, the problem it addresses, the proposed solution, and the expected benefits. It should be concise but compelling, as it’s the first impression for the reader.
Problem Statement or Needs Analysis: This section identifies the issue or need faced by the client. It explains why the solution is necessary and provides background information to justify the proposal.
Proposed Solution: Here, the writer details how their product, service, or plan will solve the client’s problem. It outlines the approach, process, or methodology and highlights the unique advantages.
Qualifications or Company Information: This part provides information about the proposer’s background, experience, past success, and why they are well-suited to carry out the project.
Cost and Budget Estimate: A breakdown of the pricing, budget, or investment required. This should be clear and transparent, outlining what the costs cover.
Timeline: A proposed schedule that shows how and when the project will be completed, including major milestones.
Conclusion and Call to Action: A final summary encouraging the client to accept the proposal, along with contact information and next steps.
A well-structured business proposal is professional, persuasive, and tailored to the specific needs of the target client.
Section B
Q 1. What do you understand by the term ‘academic writing’? Explain how it is different from nonacademic writing?
Ans. Academic writing refers to a formal style of writing used in schools, colleges, universities, and research institutions.
It is structured, objective, and evidence-based, designed to communicate complex ideas, theories, or arguments clearly and logically.
Academic writing includes essays, research papers, dissertations, reports, and scholarly articles. It typically follows specific formats and citation styles like APA, MLA, or Chicago to give credit to sources and maintain credibility.
The language used is precise, formal, and free from slang or personal opinions unless specifically required. Academic writing also avoids emotional language and focuses on presenting facts, analysis, and logical reasoning.
In contrast, nonacademic writing is more informal, personal, and flexible in style. It is used in everyday communication, blogs, magazines, newspapers, personal essays, or social media posts.
The purpose of nonacademic writing is often to entertain, inform casually, or express personal feelings and opinions.
It doesn’t necessarily require strict structure or citations. The language can be conversational, emotional, and even humorous, depending on the audience.
The key differences between the two lie in tone, purpose, structure, and audience. Academic writing is formal, focused on educating or informing through analysis and research, and is intended for an academic or professional audience.
Nonacademic writing is more relaxed, aiming to connect with a general audience in a simpler, more engaging way. While academic writing demands evidence and citations, nonacademic writing allows more personal voice and creative freedom.
Q 2. What is ‘copyright’? Who owns ‘copyright’?
Ans. Copyright is a legal right that protects the original works of creators such as writers, artists, musicians, filmmakers, and other content producers.
It gives the creator exclusive rights to use, reproduce, distribute, display, perform, or license their work.
This means no one else can use the work without the creator’s permission, especially for commercial purposes.
Copyright covers a wide range of works, including books, music, films, photographs, software, paintings, and even websites.
The moment an original work is created and fixed in a tangible form (like written on paper, recorded, or saved on a computer), it is automatically protected by copyright—registration is not required, although it can help in legal cases. Copyright does not protect ideas or facts, only the unique expression of those ideas.
The owner of the copyright is usually the person who created the work. However, there are exceptions. If a work is created as part of a job, then the employer often owns the copyright.
Similarly, in cases where work is created under a contract, the client or commissioner may hold the rights, depending on the agreement. Copyright can also be transferred or sold to another person or company, just like any other property.
III. Answer the following question
Q 1. Explain with suitable examples, how argumentative writing differs from persuasive writing?
Ans. Argumentative writing and persuasive writing are often confused because both aim to convince the reader of a particular point of view.
However, they are different in terms of approach, tone, and the kind of evidence they use to support their ideas.
Argumentative writing is logical, fact-based, and balanced. Its main goal is to present both sides of an issue fairly and then support one side with strong reasoning, evidence, and analysis.
It relies on research, statistics, expert opinions, and logical reasoning. The tone remains objective and formal.
For example, in an argumentative essay on climate change, the writer might explain both the causes people agree on and the counterarguments some skeptics raise.
Then, using scientific data, the writer supports the claim that human activities are a major contributor to global warming.
On the other hand, persuasive writing focuses more on appealing to the reader’s emotions, values, or beliefs. The goal is to convince the reader to adopt a specific opinion or take action.
It may use emotional language, personal anecdotes, or passionate language rather than just facts.
For instance, in a persuasive essay about adopting stray animals, the writer might tell a touching story about a rescued dog, appeal to the reader’s sense of kindness, and urge them to adopt a pet, even without including much statistical data.
To sum up, argumentative writing is more logical and evidence-driven, giving equal weight to multiple viewpoints before proving its stand, while persuasive writing is more emotionally charged and one-sided, focused solely on convincing the reader.
Both styles are powerful, but they serve different purposes in writing and communication.
Section C
IV. Write a well structured composition on the topic:
‘Conserving India’s Rivers: Problems and Challenges’.
(Your essay should have a clear introduction, body and conclusion).
Ans. India’s rivers have always been more than just water bodies—they are lifelines of civilization, sources of spiritual inspiration, and vital resources for agriculture, industry, and daily living.
Rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, and Narmada have shaped the cultural and economic fabric of the country for centuries.
However, in recent decades, these rivers have come under severe threat due to pollution, overuse, encroachment, and mismanagement.
Conserving India’s rivers is not only an environmental concern but also a necessity for the country’s survival and sustainable development.
While many efforts have been made by the government and civil society, several persistent challenges make river conservation a complex task.
Body: One of the major problems affecting India’s rivers is pollution, especially from domestic sewage and industrial waste.
Large cities and small towns alike discharge untreated sewage directly into rivers, leading to dangerously high levels of toxins.
For example, despite being considered sacred, the Ganga remains heavily polluted due to continuous dumping of waste and religious offerings.
In many areas, rivers have turned into open drains, severely affecting aquatic life and public health.
Another major issue is over-extraction of water. Rivers are being exploited beyond their capacity for irrigation, drinking water, and industrial use.
As a result, many rivers dry up in the summer months, and their natural flow is disturbed by dams and diversions.
This not only reduces water availability downstream but also affects the ecological balance. Groundwater extraction, often done near riverbanks, further worsens the situation by lowering water tables.
Encroachment along riverbanks is also a serious problem. Urban expansion, construction activities, and illegal settlements reduce the space rivers need to flow freely, especially during monsoons.
This increases the risk of floods and erosion. Wetlands and floodplains that act as natural sponges are disappearing fast due to land use changes, adding to the ecological stress.
Climate change poses a growing threat to India’s rivers. Changing rainfall patterns, glacial melt in the Himalayas, and extreme weather events have started affecting river flow and water quality.
Reduced snowfall in mountain regions has already impacted the flow of rivers like the Sutlej and the Yamuna. These changes also affect agriculture and livelihoods that depend on stable water supply.
There are also governance and policy challenges. Multiple government agencies often work in silos, leading to lack of coordination and overlapping responsibilities.
Many river conservation schemes suffer from poor planning, underfunding, and lack of monitoring. Public awareness is another weak link.
Most citizens are either unaware or not actively involved in conservation efforts. River cleaning campaigns often become symbolic rather than impactful due to lack of long-term vision.
Conclusion: Conserving India’s rivers requires a multi-dimensional approach that addresses both human and ecological concerns.
Strict enforcement of pollution control laws, investment in sewage treatment, community involvement, revival of traditional water management systems, and integrated river basin management are essential steps.
Educational initiatives and local participation must be encouraged to instill a sense of ownership among citizens. Rivers are not just water channels—they are symbols of life and culture.
Their conservation is not optional but a responsibility we owe to future generations. If we fail to act now, we risk losing not just our rivers, but the soul of India itself.
V. The head of your institution has conducted a meeting to review the training needs of various groups of employees. Write a brief report of the meeting.
Ans. Date of Meeting: 6th April 2025
Time: 11:00 AM – 12:30 PM
Venue: Conference Room, Main Administrative Block
Chairperson: Dr. A.K. Sharma, Head of Institution
Prepared by: Sunny Poonia
Introduction:
A meeting was convened by the Head of the Institution to assess and review the current training needs of different categories of employees in order to enhance overall performance and productivity.
Representatives from teaching staff, administrative staff, technical staff, and support staff were present.
Discussion Highlights:
Teaching Staff:
Faculty members expressed the need for regular workshops on new teaching methodologies, digital tools, research writing, and NEP-related curriculum updates.
It was suggested that training in blended and online teaching platforms should be prioritized.
Administrative Staff:
The administrative department requested training on advanced office management software, data handling, and digital record-keeping systems.
There was also a demand for sessions on financial rules, RTI regulations, and e-governance.
Technical Staff:
Technical assistants and lab in-charges pointed out the need for skill upgradation related to lab equipment handling, safety protocols, and basic troubleshooting. Training in emerging technologies relevant to their specific fields was also proposed.
Support Staff:
Support staff members requested basic training in workplace communication, hygiene and safety, and emergency response.
The importance of soft skills and respect-based professional conduct was also highlighted.
VI. i) What aspects should be considered while writing the review of a film?
Ans. When writing the review of a film, several key aspects must be considered to ensure that the review is insightful, balanced, and engaging for the reader.
A good film review goes beyond simply stating whether the reviewer liked or disliked the movie—it explores the film’s strengths and weaknesses in detail, offering thoughtful analysis and context.
First and foremost, the plot or storyline should be summarized briefly without giving away major spoilers. The reviewer should explain what the film is about, its setting, and the main conflict or theme it explores.
However, the summary should be concise and not reveal key twists or the ending.
Next, the direction and screenplay should be evaluated. The reviewer should consider how effectively the director has brought the story to life—whether the narrative is gripping, the pacing is smooth, and the transitions between scenes are logical.
The screenplay, including the dialogues and structure, should also be critiqued based on how well it supports the story.
The performances of the actors are another essential aspect. A review should assess whether the lead and supporting actors portrayed their characters convincingly and with emotional depth.
It is important to mention standout performances, as well as any that may have fallen flat or lacked impact.
Cinematography and visual presentation play a big role in the audience’s experience.
The reviewer should discuss the camera work, use of colors, lighting, special effects, and how these elements contribute to the film’s overall tone and mood. Similarly, editing is worth mentioning, especially if it affects the flow or coherence of the film.
Music and background score are also key elements. A well-chosen soundtrack can enhance the emotional resonance of scenes, while a poor score can be distracting or dull. The reviewer should note how well the music supports the film’s theme.
Finally, the overall message or theme of the film and its impact on the audience should be addressed. Did the film succeed in what it set out to do? Was it thought-provoking, entertaining, emotional, or socially relevant?
ii) Write a brief review of a film that you watched recently
Ans. Film Review: “12th Fail” (2023)
“12th Fail,” directed by Vidhu Vinod Chopra, is a deeply moving and inspirational Hindi film based on the real-life journey of IPS officer Manoj Kumar Sharma.
The film stands out not with flashy action or over-the-top drama, but with its honest storytelling, powerful performances, and the raw emotion it brings to the screen.
The story follows Manoj, a boy from a poor village in Chambal, Madhya Pradesh, who fails his 12th-grade exam but refuses to let that define his future.
Determined to break the cycle of poverty and corruption around him, he sets his sights on one of the toughest goals in India—cracking the UPSC exam. What follows is a tale of struggle, perseverance, setbacks, and self-discovery.
Vikrant Massey delivers an outstanding performance as Manoj, portraying the character’s innocence, frustration, and unyielding hope with remarkable sincerity.
His transformation from a small-town boy to a confident civil service aspirant is both believable and inspiring. The supporting cast, especially Medha Shankar as Shraddha, adds depth and warmth to the story.
The film’s direction is subtle yet powerful, capturing the atmosphere of coaching hubs in Delhi and the emotional turmoil of aspirants chasing big dreams.
The cinematography is simple and grounded, keeping the focus on the characters and their inner journeys.
The background score is minimal but effective, enhancing the emotional beats without overshadowing them.
What makes “12th Fail” truly special is its message: failure is not the end—it can be the beginning of something greater.
The film doesn’t glorify success but celebrates hard work, integrity, and the courage to start over.
In short, “12th Fail” is a must-watch for anyone who has ever dared to dream against the odds.
It’s not just a film—it’s a quiet, powerful reminder that every setback holds the seed of a comeback.
IGNOU BEGG 172 Free Solved Assignment 2024